Terms in this set (87)Sets found in the same folderOther sets by this creatorVerified questions
ECONOMICS Choose 10 firms that interest you and download their financial statements from finance. yahoo.com. a. For each firm, find the return on equity (ROE), the number of shares outstanding, the dividends per share, and the net income. Record them in a spreadsheet. b. Calculate the total amount of dividends paid (dividends per share $\times$ number } of shares outstanding), the dividend payout ratio (total dividends paid/net income), and the plowback ratio (1 − dividend payout ratio). c. Compute the sustainable growth rate, g = b $\times$ ROE, where b equals the plowback ratio. d. Compare the growth rates (g) with the P/E ratios of the firms by plotting the P/Es against the growth rates in a scatter diagram. Is there a relationship between the two? e. Using data from financial statements, find or calculate the ratios of price-to-book, price-to-sales, and price-to-cash flow from operations for each firm in your sample. Use a line chart to plot these three ratios on the same set of axes. What relationships do you see among the three series? f. For each firm, compare the three-year growth rate of earnings per share with the growth rate you calculated above. Is the actual rate of earnings growth correlated with the sustainable growth rate you calculated? Verified answer Other Quizlet setsRelated questionsPractical Handbook of the Biology and Molecular Diversity of Trichoderma Species from Tropical Regions. 2017 : 1–15. Aseptic technique is a method that involves target-specific practices and procedures under suitably controlled conditions to reduce the contamination from microbes. It is a compulsory laboratory skill to conduct research related in the field of
microbiology. Mycologist/microbiologists must follow aseptic techniques for multiplicity procedures such as screening of isolates/strains, pure cultures, slant cultures, single spore cultures, microbes transferring cultures, inoculating media, and conducting several microbiological experiments. Proper aseptic technique has prevented the cultures contamination from inborn and outborn microbes in the environment. As example, airborne microbes (e.g., fungi) handpicked from the surveyor’s health,
the lab benchtop, unsterilized glassware and equipment, dust, and other areas, thus interfering to get proper experiment results. Using the proper aseptic technique can significantly reduce/minimize the risk of contamination. Aseptic technique is a method that involves target-specific practices and procedures under suitably controlled conditions to reduce the contamination from microbes. It is a compulsory
laboratory skill to conduct research related in the field of microbiology. Mycologist/microbiologists must follow aseptic techniques for multiplicity procedures such as screening of isolates/strains, pure cultures, slant cultures, single spore cultures, microbes transferring cultures, inoculating media, and conducting several microbiological experiments. Proper aseptic technique has prevented the cultures contamination from inborn and outborn microbes in the environment. As example, airborne
microbes (e.g., fungi) handpicked from the surveyor’s health, the lab benchtop, unsterilized glassware and equipment, dust, and other areas, thus interfering to get proper experiment results. Using the proper aseptic technique can significantly reduce/minimize the risk of contamination. Aseptic technique commonly maintains pure stock cultures and single spore culture while transferring cultures into fresh media. Appropriate aseptic techniques prevent microbes from unintentionally released into
the environment and/or contaminating lab user in the laboratory. Aseptic techniques have the following objectives: (1) to acquire the knowledge of aseptic technique in the field of microbes, (2) to avoid the contamination of cultures from undesirable microbes in the laboratory, (3) to subculture (transfer cultures from one media by inoculating into another media), (4) to isolate pure culture from mixed culture, and (5) to inhibit lab microbes from being distributed in the environment and/or
contaminating the investigator (vlab.amrita.edu, 2011). Biosafety comprises addressing of the safe handling and containment of transferable microorganisms and unwarranted biomaterials. The basics of containments are safety equipment, microbiological practices, and skill safeguards that defend lab workers, environment, and examiners/public from exposure to transferable microbes that
are properly handled and kept in the laboratory. Personnel working with transferable agents are acquainted with hazards that require the proper training and skillful practices for handling such materials. All laboratories are required to develop a biosafety or operations manual that categorizes the hazards that may be met, and that specifies the proper practices and techniques to reduce/or minimize the hazard exposures. A microbiologist/scientist, and knowledgeable laboratory techniques, safety
procedures, and hazards associated with handling transferrable agents will accountable for the comportment of research with infectious agents or materials. The proper design and work structures, safety equipment, and controlling practices should enhance the laboratory personnel and safety practices. Cliffe (2016) has mentioned that many biosafety levels (BSLs) have been developed for
laboratories to enhance the protection levels of environment and staff. BSLs have standard guidelines that described the proper containment equipment, services, and procedures for apply by laboratory researchers/scientists/technicians/students. The BSLs are categorized into BSL 1 to BSL 4, and the risk associated with every BSL increases with the infectious microbes encountered. BSL 2 practices are mostly followed by clinical microbiology laboratories. When conducting works with high
transmissible agents, the risk of aerosol transmission is so high, so microbiology laboratories must follow BSL 3 practices.
Causing human or animal disease but noncontaminant to laboratory researchers, technicians, communities, livestock, or environment. Infectious risk is via direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation. Effective treatment, preventive and control measures, are readily available. Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis A, B, C, Rubella, Chikungunya Exotic or indigenous agent—potentially transmit disease mainly via aerosols. Disease caused is severe and can kill. Low risk to community—effective treatment, preventive available: SARS, Yellow fever virus, H5N1, Rabies virus, BSE, Bacillus anthracis, TB, Rickettsia Causing life-threatening human disease. Disease transmissible—one individual organism to another organisms—via aerosol or unknown. No available effective treatment, preventive and control measures. Ebola virus, Herpes B virus, Smallpox virus In Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) denotes a fundamental level of containment that be contingent on standard microbiology practices with never requiring any special primary or secondary barriers recommendation, other than washing hand. BSL-2 practices are appropriate to teaching, diagnostic, clinical, and other laboratories in which work has conducted wide-range of indigenous moderate-risk agents that are available in the community and allied with human disease. The objective of this chapter is to provide the proper hand-on practices in microbiology laboratory to teachers, students, researchers, scientists, and technicians and also ensure the studies proceed safely and succeed the successfully of educational standard. Good Microbiological Laboratory Practices (GMLP)Good microbiological laboratory practices (e.g., aseptic technique) when handling microorganisms have prevented contamination of the workplace from other microorganisms or nontarget microorganisms. They supplement the containment facilities, procedures and processes to reduce the spread of microorganism contamination and prevent the exposure of people and the environment to the microorganisms that are being deliberately manipulated either by accident or once work has finished. The principles of GMLP summarized below should be adopted when working with microorganisms, so it should be declaim in conjunction with the guidance on containment. Principles of Good Microbiological Practices (Chosewood and Wilson 2009)
(Note: Remember, the abovesaid principles of good microbiological practices will help and protect you, your fellow worker and the public from the infectious agents you use.) Risk AssessmentTeachers, researchers, scientists, and lab technicians may make practical amendments to the risk assessments model according to their professional judgment based on their proficiencies. The legislation governing Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods entails that entire procedures and experiments involving hazardous materials must have documentation and minimize exposure. The risk management approach always apply for safety in the laboratory before starting any new research projects or experiments work. Conducting risk assessment it should detect potential hazards and control the actions to reduce any risks of personnel health. Factors to be considered in risk assessments (Source: ASE 2001).
Key to abbreviations: ACDP Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, ASE Association for Science Education, CLEAPSS Consortium of Local Education Authorities for the Provision of Science Services, MISAC Microbiology in Schools Advisory Committee, NCBE National Centre for Biotechnology Education, SSERC Scottish Schools Equipment Research Centre Spillage ManagementSpillsThe spillages cultures are immediately reported to the teacher/researchers or lab technicians for dealt with quickly. Spilled cultures and adjacent debris (glass, cotton wool plugs, etc.) must not be touched with unprotected hands/open-handed. Must wear disposable gloves and cover the disinfect spill area with several layers of cloth/towel drenched in a proper disinfectant and leave for at least 15–30 min. Immediately spill debris cleaned into a container/dustpan using towels. Transferring all disposable materials (e.g., roasting bag) into suitable container for autoclaving and disposal. A container must be sterilized or decontaminated by autoclaving or by soaking (at least 24 h) in hypochlorite (sodium chlorate I). Broken GlassThe broken glass must be cleaned prudently into proper container, autoclaved and disposed of in a lesion-proof container. Splashes on Clothing and the SkinThe contaminant clothes should be waterlogged in disinfectant. Splashes on the skin should be cured as quickly; hot water and soap may be sufficient for washing; if necessary the skin can be disinfected. HintIt is more useful to use spillage kit always ready at hand. The components are suggested in below:
ResourcesEquipment (Source: ASE 2001)
Apparatus (Source: ASE 2001)
Materials (Source: ASE 2001)
Flaming the Needle/Loop
Flaming the Neck of Bottles/Test TubesThe neck of bottle/tube is passed through the flame of Bunsen burner to create a convection current which forces air out of the bottle/tube. Avoid the airborne contaminations from the bottle/tube. Heat of the Bunsen burner causes the air near by work area to increase, reducing the accidental airborne microbes contaminating cultures.
Hints
MediaPreparation of Culture MediaThe prepareation of agar media is followed according to manufacturer’s instructions. Before sterilization, make sure all elements are entirely melted by using microwave oven heat if further required. Avoid wastage by preparing only sufficient for either immediately use or use in the near future. Usually authorize about 15–20 cm3 medium/petri dish. Agar slopes are prepared with universal bottles allowing sterile molten media to solidify in a sloped position. Pouring a Petri Plate
Agar SlantsThe growth of fungal colonies are transferred into agar slants, in addition, uncertainty found any excess broth in the bottle/tube and agar plates, it should be removed. Univerial bottle/tube containing agar should be solid formed that call a agar slant. A needle/loop can be used to inoculate an agar slant by stabbing the needle containing inoculum into the agar (Fig. 1.4). Storage of Prepared MediaBlue screw-capped bottles of agar and broth should be kept at temperatures of 12–l6 °C for 6 months. When reuse the kept agar media, it should be remelt again using hot water or streaming bath or microwave oven or pressure cooker. After completely melted, the molten agar can be kept in incubator at least 50 °C for ready to use or further uses. All stored media should be kept away from light. After pouring agar in the plates, the plate should be sealed with parafilm and put in well-sealed plastic bags, then kept at 3–8 °C for further reuse. Freshly prepared media are always better than stored media. It is very important to avoid prolong storage times. Labile beta-lactam selective agents have very short active lives and the media containing some elements that needed within a few days of preparation. A good laboratory practice always supports the shelf-lives of all media preparations and also postmarks the containers or boxes accordingly. Otherwise poor fungal growth results from loss of moisture from agar plates. Make sure that all agar plates are incubated in a moist environment. Look through the contamination symptom, color changes, irregular filling or bubbles on surface of agar, hemolysis, and symbols of dryness such as cracking, shrinking, and loss of volume. Any defective plates or tubes should be removed. DisinfectantsSpecific disinfectants are used for the specific purposes of working strengths. Disinfection is defined as the destruction, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease or other difficulties, e.g., spoilage. The use of chemicals also disinfectants occurred. The available disinfectants and their uses are listed here (Source: ASE 2001).
Incubation
Accidents
Emergency Preparation and ResponseEmergencies such as explores, hurricanes, and other disasters, its happen normal working environment. The realistic disruptions are commonly occurred as exposures, injuries, spills, equipment failure, electricity power, fire, water loss, or flooding. Handling each of these emergencies and disturptions can follow each institutional guidelines. However, keep a written emergency and evacuation guilde line in workplace and talk to all personnel for such circumstances to avoid worker injury or contamination via infectious agents. The microbiology laboratory should take the following steps for emergency:
References
Why is an aseptic technique used in the lab?In the microbiology lab we use aseptic technique to: Prevent contamination of the specific microorganism we are working with. Prevent contamination of the room and personnel with the microorganism we are working with.
What are some aseptic techniques used to prevent contamination?Other examples. No eating or drinking in the lab.. Wiping surfaces with disinfectant/alcohol.. Not growing microorganisms at body temperature.. Using sterile loops when transferring cultures.. Flaming culture bottle necks to prevent contamination.. Sterilizing (using an autoclave) or disposing of all used equipment.. What is aseptic technique when do we use it in this laboratory?Aseptic technique refers to a set of routine procedures done to prevent sterile solutions and cultures from becoming contaminated by unwanted microorganisms in the laboratory. Such techniques are essential for experiments that require growing cells.
Where is aseptic technique used?Healthcare professionals commonly use aseptic technique when they're:. handling surgery equipment.. helping with a baby's birth by vaginal delivery.. handling dialysis catheters.. performing dialysis.. inserting a chest tube.. inserting a urinary catheter.. inserting central intravenous (IV) or arterial lines.. |