Unit 1 GlossaryThe Basics of Public Speaking:Public speaking- an organized, face-to- face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids. Show
Glossophobia- a severe fear of public speaking. Communication- sharing meaning between two or more people. Culture- the system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another. Channel- the means through which a message gets from sender to receiver. Feedback- direct or indirect messages sent from an audience (receivers) back to the original sender of the message. Noise- anything that disrupts, interrupts, or interferes with the communication process. Encode- the process of the sender putting his/her thoughts and feelings into words or other symbols. Decode- the process of the listener or receiver understanding the words and symbols of a message and making meaning of them. Symbol- a word, icon, picture, object, or number that is used to stand for or represent a concept, thing, or experience. Denotative- the objective or literal meaning shared by most people using the word. Connotative- the subjective or personal meaning the word evokes in people together or individually. Listening in Public Speaking Settings:Hearing- the physical process in which sound waves hit the ear drums and send a message to the brain. Listening- an active process where you are specifically making an effort to understand, process, and retain information. Comprehensive Listening- listening focused on understanding and remembering important information from a public speaking message. Empathetic Listening- listening for under- standing the feelings and motivations of another person, usually with the goal of helping the person deal with a personal problem. Appreciative Listening- type of informed listening needed to listen to and interpret music, theatre, or literature. Critical Listening- listening to evaluate the validity of the arguments and information and deciding whether the speaker is persuasive and whether the message should be accepted. Planned Redundancy- the use of a clear central idea statement, preview of the main points, connective statements, and overall summary in the conclusion to reinforce the main ideas or points of a speech; the deliberate repeating of structural aspects of speech. Confirmation bias- a tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions. Ethics in Public Speaking:Ethics- the branch of philosophy that involves determinations of what is right and moral. Defamatory Speech- a false statement of fact that damages a person’s character, fame, or reputation. Initial Credibility- A speaker’s credibility at the beginning of or even before the speech. Derived Credibility- a speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness (as judged by the audience members) throughout the process of the speech, which also can range from point to point in the speech. Terminal Credibility- a speaker’s credibility at the end of the speech. Plagiarism- the act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that person. TRUE / FALSE QUESTIONSA Short Answer Quiz is also available Use the following links to jump to specific chapters. Use the Down Arrow (the key or the scrollbar) to move through the questions and reveal the answers. Answers for each question are a few lines below it. Making your browser window smaller is suggested for easier navigation. CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 1. Public speaking requires the same method of delivery as ordinary conversation. ANSWER: False 2. Fortunately, stage fright only affects inexperienced speakers. ANSWER: False 3. As a speaker, you can usually assume that an audience will be interested in what you have to say. ANSWER: False 4. Most successful speakers are nervous before taking the floor. ANSWER:TRUE 5. For most beginning speakers the biggest part of stage fright is fear of the unknown. ANSWER:TRUE 6. Organizing ideas for presentation in a speech is an important aspect of critical thinking. ANSWER:TRUE 7. Practicing speech delivery is an excellent way to develop your skills as a critical thinker. ANSWER: False 8. The channel is the room in which speech communication takes place. ANSWER: False 9. The channel is the means by which a message is communicated. ANSWER:TRUE 10. Most public speaking situations involve two-way communication. ANSWER:TRUE 11. When you give a speech to your classmates, you are engaged in one-way communication. ANSWER: False 12. Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message. ANSWER:TRUE 13. Interference can come from either inside or outside your audience. ANSWER:TRUE 14. Although language changes from culture to culture, the meaning of nonverbal signals is consistent across cultures. ANSWER: False 15. Ethnocentrism often leads to prejudice and hostility toward people of different racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. ANSWER:TRUE 16. Public speakers who seek to avoid being ethnocentric need to show respect for the cultures of the people they address. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 2: Ethics and Public Speaking CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 17. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. ANSWER:TRUE 18. A public speaker faces ethical issues throughout the entire speechmaking process. ANSWER:TRUE 19. A public speaker need only be concerned about ethics in the conclusion of a speech. ANSWER: False 20. The first responsibility of a speaker is to make sure her or his goal is ethically sound. ANSWER:TRUE 21. Because persuasion is such a complex process, juggling statistics and quoting out of context to maximize your persuasive effect are ethically acceptable in speeches to persuade. ANSWER: False 22. Ethical decisions need to be justified against a set of standards or criteria. ANSWER:TRUE 23. As your textbook explains, ethical decisions are essentially a matter of personal whim or opinion. ANSWER: False 24. As your textbook explains, the ethical obligation of a speaker to avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language is essentially a matter of political correctness. ANSWER: False 25. Because the aim of speechmaking is to secure a desired response from listeners, speakers need to give their strategic objectives priority over their ethical obligations. ANSWER: False 26. If something is legal, it is also ethical. ANSWER: False 27. Incremental plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses quotations or paraphrases without citing the sources of the statements. ANSWER:TRUE 28. The ethical obligation of an audience to listen to a speaker courteously and attentively is less important in speech class than for speeches outside the classroom. ANSWER: False 29. All statements made by a public speaker are protected under the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. ANSWER: False 30. It is possible to disagree entirely with a speaker's ideas but still support the speaker's right to express those ideas. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 3: Listening CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 31. Hearing is a physiological process, while listening is a psychological process. ANSWER:TRUE 32. People need effective listening skills in almost all occupations. ANSWER:TRUE 33. Research indicates that even when we listen carefully, we understand and retain only about half of what we hear. ANSWER:TRUE 34. Appreciative listening is closely tied to critical thinking. ANSWER: False 35. When you listen to the campaign speech of a political candidate for the purpose of accepting or rejecting the speaker's message, you are engaged in empathic listening. ANSWER: False 36. Critical listening involves the same skills as comprehensive listening. ANSWER: False 37. Critical listening involves listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it. ANSWER:TRUE 38. One of the major barriers to effective communication is that the brain can process words much faster than a speaker can talk. ANSWER:TRUE 39. Usually it is easy to block out physical and mental distractions when listening to a speaker. ANSWER: False 40. Concentrating on details is an excellent way to become a better listener. ANSWER: False 41. Jumping to conclusions can be a barrier to effective listening even when a speaker and a listener know each other very well. ANSWER:TRUE 42. According to your textbook, when focusing your listening, you should concentrate on a speaker's main points, evidence, and technique. ANSWER:TRUE 43. Note taking is usually a barrier to effective listening. ANSWER: False CHAPTER 4: Selecting a Topic and Purpose CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 44. In brainstorming for a speech topic, you go to the library and look through an encyclopedia or some other reference book until you come across a good topic. ANSWER: False 45. Most often, your general purpose as a speaker is to inform or to persuade. ANSWER:TRUE 46. The difference between informing and persuading is like the difference between explaining and entertaining. ANSWER: False 47. The specific purpose statement should focus on one aspect of a topic and be expressed in a single infinitive phrase. ANSWER:TRUE 48. The specific purpose statement indicates precisely what the speaker hopes to accomplish in a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 49. The specific purpose of a speech usually "sums up" the main points to be developed in the body of the speech. ANSWER: False 50. "Conducting regular car maintenance" is an example of an effective specific purpose statement for a speech. ANSWER: False 51. The specific purpose statement should usually be phrased as a question. ANSWER: False 52. Figurative language enhances the clarity of a specific purpose statement. ANSWER: False 53. "To inform my audience about the current status of tennis as an international sport" is an example of an effective specific purpose statement for a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 54. The central idea reveals more about the content of a speech than does the specific purpose. ANSWER:TRUE 55. "The three major expenses for people traveling abroad are transportation, food, and lodging" is an example of a well-worded central idea for a speech. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 5: Analysing the Audience CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 56. Being audience-centered means that your primary purpose as a speaker is to gain a desired response from the audience. ANSWER:TRUE 57. The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners by any means necessary. ANSWER: False 58. The need for audience analysis and adaptation is one of the major differences between public speaking and everyday conversation. ANSWER: False 59. Unlike beginning speakers, experienced speakers have little need for audience analysis. ANSWER: False 60. Audience analysis first comes into play after a speaker has chosen a speech topic. ANSWER: False 61. Audience analysis is only important after a speaker has completed research for a speech. ANSWER: False 62. Audience analysis is only important after a speaker has prepared an outline for the speech. ANSWER: False 63. Like acting, public speaking is a matter of playing the same role over and over again. ANSWER: False 64. Even when listeners pay close attention, they don't process a speaker's message exactly as the speaker intended. ANSWER:TRUE 65. Egocentrism means that audiences typically approach speeches by asking "Why is this important for me?" ANSWER:TRUE 66. Any characteristic of a given audience is potentially important to a speaker analyzing that audience. ANSWER:TRUE 67. One of the major demographic traits of audiences is interest in the speaker's topic. ANSWER: False 68. Audience size, the physical setting for the speech, and the audience's disposition toward the topic are all elements of demographic audience analysis. ANSWER: False 69. Audience size, the physical setting for the speech, and the audience's disposition toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion are all elements of situational audience analysis. ANSWER:TRUE 70. Although the differences between women and men have diminished in recent years, the gender of listeners is still a major factor in audience analysis. ANSWER:TRUE 71. As a general rule, the larger your audience, the more formal your speech presentation should be. ANSWER:TRUE 72. Learning the size of an audience is an important factor in demographic audience analysis. ANSWER: False 73. Learning the size of an audience is an important factor in situational audience analysis. ANSWER:TRUE 74. The more people know about a topic, the more likely they are to be interested in it. ANSWER:TRUE 75. No matter what the occasion, listeners will have fairly definite expectations about the kinds of speeches appropriate for that occasion. ANSWER:TRUE 76. When you construct an audience analysis questionnaire, fixed-alternative questions are especially useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes. ANSWER: False 77. When you construct an audience analysis questionnaire, scale questions are especially useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes. ANSWER:TRUE 78. Although most of the process of audience adaptation occurs as part of preparing a speech, a speaker may still need to adapt her or his remarks to the audience during the presentation of the speech. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 6: Gathering Material CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 79. If you use a tape recorder in a research interview, you should be sure to tell the person being interviewed. ANSWER:TRUE 80. After an interview you should usually wait a couple of days before reviewing your notes. ANSWER: False 81. One of the advantages of tape recording an interview is that it saves you time in transcribing notes after the interview. ANSWER: False 82. The card catalogue contains three cards for each book in the library: an author card, a title card, and a research card. ANSWER: False 83. The best known collection of quotations is Bartlett's Familiar Quotations. ANSWER:TRUE 84. A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary. ANSWER:TRUE 85. If possible, you should write all your research notes from a single book or article on a single index card. ANSWER: False 86. When making research notes, it is important to distinguish between direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 7: Supporting ideas CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 87. Examples are particularly effective as supporting materials because they help get the audience involved in a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 88. Research has shown that vivid, well-developed examples have more impact on listeners' beliefs and actions than any other kind of supporting material. ANSWER:TRUE 89. Brief examples can be used either to illustrate a point or to introduce a topic. ANSWER:TRUE 90. Hypothetical examples usually have less credibility to listeners than do factual examples. ANSWER:TRUE 91. Because of their high credibility, you should use only factual examples in your speeches. ANSWER: False 92. The mean--popularly called the average--is determined by summing up all the items in a group and dividing by the number of items. ANSWER:TRUE 93. The median is the middle figure in a group once the figures are put in order from highest to lowest. ANSWER:TRUE 94. Research has shown that well-documented statistics have more impact on listeners' beliefs and actions than any other kind of supporting material. ANSWER: False 95. Research has shown that the more statistics you use, the more effective your speech is likely to be. ANSWER: False 96. You should almost always round off statistics in a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 97. Acceptable testimony can include either statements from recognized experts or from ordinary people with special expertise on the topic. ANSWER:TRUE 98. Peer testimony is highly credible in a speech because it comes from people who are recognized experts on the topic. ANSWER: False 99. Lengthy quotations from highly credible sources are particularly valuable as testimony. ANSWER: False 100. When you use testimony in a speech, it is acceptable either to paraphrase or use to a direct quotation. ANSWER:TRUE 101. It is seldom a good idea to use examples and testimony in the same speech. ANSWER: False CHAPTER 8: Organizing the Body of the Speech CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 102. Audiences find well-organized speakers to be more credible than poorly organized speakers. ANSWER:TRUE 103. Research suggests that using a clear, specific method of speech organization can enhance your ability to deliver a speech fluently. ANSWER:TRUE 104. The introduction of a speech usually should be prepared before the body. ANSWER: False 105. Once you know the main points of your speech, you should then formulate your specific purpose. ANSWER: False 106. The most effective order for the main points in a speech depends on three things: your topic, your purpose, and your audience. ANSWER:TRUE 107. When arranging a speech in causal order, you must deal first with the causes of an event and then explain its effects. ANSWER: False 108. Speeches arranged in problem-solution order are divided into four main parts. ANSWER: False 109. Speeches arranged in spatial order follow a time sequence. ANSWER: False 110. Speeches arranged in chronological order follow a time pattern. ANSWER:TRUE 111. Although using parallel wording for main points is common practice among writers, it is less important in public speaking. ANSWER: False 112. Connectives are one of the kinds of supporting materials in a speech. ANSWER: False 113. Transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one the speaker is coming to. ANSWER:TRUE 114. "The most important point to remember about..." is an example of a signpost. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 9: Beginning and Ending the Speech CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 115. Regardless of what other methods you use to gain attention, you should almost always relate the topic to your audience in the introduction of a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 116. It is seldom a good idea to discuss the importance of your topic in the introduction of a speech. ANSWER: False 117. A startling introduction is effective only if it is firmly related to the speech topic. ANSWER:TRUE 118. Opening your speech with a lengthy quotation is an excellent way to gain the attention of your audience. ANSWER: False 119. Using visual aids is an acceptable method of gaining attention in the introduction of a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 120. Establishing good will is more likely to be necessary in the introduction of a persuasive speech than in the introduction of an informative speech. ANSWER: TRUE 121. Establishing good will is more likely to be necessary in the introduction of an informative speech than in the introduction of a persuasive speech. ANSWER: False 122. One function of a preview statement is to signal that the body of the speech is about to begin. ANSWER:TRUE 123. A preview statement is usually necessary in the introduction even when a speaker is addressing an audience that is well-informed about the topic. ANSWER:TRUE 124. A preview statement is especially important in a speech introduction when a speaker is addressing a hostile audience. ANSWER: False 125. A preview statement is especially important in the introduction of an informative speech. ANSWER:TRUE 126. Under normal circumstances, the introduction should comprise about 10-20 percent of a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 127. It is inappropriate for a public speaker to say anything so obvious as "in conclusion." ANSWER: False 128. The conclusion of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" is a good example of a crescendo ending. ANSWER:TRUE 129. A crescendo ending is more likely to be used in a persuasive speech than in an informative speech. ANSWER:TRUE 130. When concluding a speech, it is inappropriate to refer back to ideas mentioned in the introduction. ANSWER: False 131. The conclusion should normally comprise about 5-10 percent of a speech. ANSWER:TRUE 132. One function of a speech conclusion is to reinforce the speaker's central idea. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 10: Outling The Speech CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 133. In a preparation outline, the specific purpose is usually stated before the introduction. ANSWER:TRUE 134. Stating main points in a word or two is usually sufficient for a preparation outline. ANSWER: False 135. A preparation outline should include your preliminary bibliography. ANSWER: False 136. In the speaking outline, main points are indicated by Roman numerals. ANSWER:TRUE 137. A bibliography is usually included as part of the speaking outline. ANSWER: False 138. You should label the body and conclusion in both the preparation and speaking outlines. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 11: Using Language CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 139. If the meaning of a word is clear to you, you can assume that it is also clear to your audience. ANSWER: False 140. The denotative meaning of a word includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people. ANSWER: False 141. Denotative meaning gives words their emotional power. ANSWER: False 142. The more abstract a word, the more ambiguous it will be. ANSWER:TRUE 143. It is often possible to use words accurately without using them clearly. ANSWER:TRUE 144. In dealing with technical topics, a speaker has little choice but to use technical language. ANSWER: False 145. Abstract words are usually clearer to listeners than concrete words. ANSWER: False 146. "Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet" is an example of metaphor. ANSWER: False 147. "Silence settled over the audience like a block of granite" is an example of simile. ANSWER:TRUE 148. "Drug abuse is a cancer that is destroying our society" is an example of metaphor. ANSWER:TRUE 149. Using metaphor is an excellent way to enhance the rhythm of a speech. ANSWER: False 150. Language has a rhythm created by the speaker's choice of supporting materials. ANSWER: False 151. The use of repetition in a speech usually results in parallelism. ANSWER:TRUE 152. Antithesis and alliteration are excellent ways to enhance the imagery of a speech. ANSWER: False 153. Alliteration as a means of creating rhythm in a speech refers to repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. ANSWER:TRUE 154. Avoiding sexist language is an important aspect of audience adaptation in public speaking. ANSWER:TRUE 155. A speaker only needs to avoid sexist language when there are women in the audience. ANSWER: False 156. Avoiding sexist language is important in public speaking both as a matter of audience adaptation and as a matter of accuracy in language. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 12:Delivery CHAPTER 1: Speaking in
Public 157. Good speech delivery should call attention to itself. ANSWER: False 158. Speaking from a manuscript allows for greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking extemporaneously. ANSWER: False 159. Speaking from memory is most effective when a speaker wants to be very responsive to feedback from the audience. ANSWER: False 160. As the textbook explains, extemporaneous delivery and impromptu delivery are essentially alike. ANSWER: False 161. An extemporaneous speech is carefully prepared and practiced in advance. ANSWER:TRUE 162. A faster rate of speech is usually called for when a speaker is explaining complex information. ANSWER: False 163. Vocal variety in speech delivery means only varying the rate in which you speak. ANSWER: False 164. If you say the "s" in Illinois or the "p" in pneumonia, you are making a mistake in articulation. ANSWER: False 165. Forming speech sounds crisply and distinctly is termed articulation. ANSWER:TRUE 166. Ways of talking based on ethnic or regional speech patterns are called dialects. ANSWER:TRUE 167. Over the years linguistics have concluded that no dialect is inherently better or worse than another dialect. ANSWER: False 168. When a speaker's nonverbal communication is inconsistent with his or her words, listeners tend to believe the words rather than the nonverbal communication. ANSWER: False 169. When a speaker's nonverbal communication is inconsistent with her or his words, listeners tend to believe the nonverbal communication rather than the words. ANSWER:TRUE 170. Research shows that personal appearance will affect the audience's perception of the speaker in about half of all speaking situations. ANSWER: False 171. In the United States, public speakers who establish strong eye contact with listeners are usually perceived as more credible than speakers who have weaker eye contact. ANSWER:TRUE 172. In the United States, public speakers who establish strong eye contact with listeners are usually perceived as less credible than speakers who have weaker eye contact. ANSWER: False 173. According to your textbook, the first step in rehearsing a speech is to practice in front of a mirror. ANSWER: False 174. According to your textbook, the first step in practicing your speech delivery is to go through your preparation outline aloud to see how it translates into spoken discourse. ANSWER:TRUE 175. A single practice session of two or three hours is usually the best way to rehearse your speech. ANSWER: False CHAPTER 13: Using Visual Aids CHAPTER 1: Speaking in
Public 176. If the object you want to speak about is too large, too small, or unavailable to use as a visual aid, you have little choice but to change the topic of your speech. ANSWER: False 177. Photographs seldom work well as visual aids unless the speaker has access to oversize enlargements. ANSWER:TRUE 178. Graphs are an effective way to simplify and clarify statistics. ANSWER:TRUE 179. If you wanted to summarize the steps of a process in a speech, the best kind of visual aid to use would probably be a chart. ANSWER:TRUE 180. If you were summarizing statistical trends in a speech, the best visual aid to use would probably be a chart. ANSWER: False 181. You can be your own visual aid. ANSWER:TRUE 182. Visual aids should usually be displayed from the right side of the lectern. ANSWER: False 183. Passing visual aids among the audience during a speech is helpful to a speaker because it allows listeners to inspect the aids at their own pace. ANSWER: False 184. When you are going to give an audience material to take home from a speech, you should usually distribute the material at the beginning of the speech. ANSWER: False 185. According to your textbook, it is usually a good idea to write or draw on an overhead transparency while you are speaking. ANSWER: False 186. Despite advances in technology it is still necessary for a speaker who is using an overhead projector to work with the projector when practicing the speech. ANSWER:TRUE 187. In most circumstances you should keep your visual aids on display throughout your speech. ANSWER: False 188. It is important to maintain strong eye contact with your audience when you are presenting a visual aid. ANSWER:TRUE 189. A visual aid is only as useful as the explanation that goes with it. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 14: Speaking To Inform CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 190. Informative speeches about processes are usually arranged in chronological order. ANSWER:TRUE 191. An informative speech about a process that has as many as ten or twelve steps is one of the few times it is all right to have more than five main points. ANSWER: False 192. Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in causal order. ANSWER: False 193. Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in topical order. ANSWER:TRUE 194. An explicit preview statement is especially important in the introduction of an informative speech. ANSWER:TRUE 195. A summary is seldom necessary in the conclusion of an informative speech. ANSWER: False 196. The more you assume your audience knows about your speech topic, the greater are your chances of being misunderstood. ANSWER:TRUE 197. A public speaker should avoid direct references to the audience in the body of an informative speech. ANSWER: False 198. Personal examples are inappropriate for informative speeches on technical topics. ANSWER: False 199. Although essay writers are often urged to avoid personal references such as "I," "you," and "we," you should usually try to include such references in an informative speech. ANSWER:TRUE 200. Whenever possible, you should try to enliven your informative speeches by expressing ideas in personal terms. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 15: Speaking To Persuade CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 201. Of all the kinds of public speaking, persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging. ANSWER:TRUE 202. Research indicates that audiences often engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker as they listen to a persuasive speech. ANSWER:TRUE 203. When trying to persuade a hostile audience, you should usually be wary of even mentioning their objections to your point of view. ANSWER: False 204. A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech. ANSWER: False 205. Questions of fact are easy subjects for persuasive speeches because they almost always have clear-cut answers. ANSWER: False 206. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized in problem-solution order. ANSWER: False 207. "To persuade my audience that our community should build a new public library" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact. ANSWER: False 208. Persuasive speeches on questions of value are almost always arranged in topical order. ANSWER:TRUE 209. Persuasive speeches on questions of value usually argue directly for or against particular courses of action. ANSWER: False 210. "To persuade my audience that standards of journalistic ethics are higher today than they were in the 1800s" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value. ANSWER: False 211. Questions of policy usually include the word "should." ANSWER:TRUE 212. "To persuade my audience that the federal government should ban all advertising for tobacco products" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy. ANSWER:TRUE 213. "To persuade my audience that the United States should not adopt a national sales tax to help balance the federal budget" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy. ANSWER:TRUE 214. "To persuade my audience that the U.S. television industry has a moral responsibility to consider the impact of its programs on the development of violent behavior among children" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy. ANSWER: False 215. "To persuade my audience that our community should take tougher measures to deal with the problem of noise pollution" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy whose aim is passive agreement. ANSWER:TRUE 216. "To persuade my audience to become a volunteer for the Special Olympics" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy whose aim is immediate action. ANSWER:TRUE 217. "To persuade my audience that Congress should ban the exportation of dangerous pesticides" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy whose aim is immediate action. ANSWER: False 218. When trying to persuade listeners to take action, you should usually be specific about the action you want them to take. ANSWER:TRUE 219. The burden of proof rests with the persuasive speaker who opposes change. ANSWER: False 220. The burden of proof rests with the persuasive speaker who advocates change. ANSWER:TRUE 221. When you discuss a question of policy, you must deal with three basic issues--need, plan, and practicality. ANSWER:TRUE 222. Monroe's motivated sequence is most appropriate for speeches that try to persuade listeners to take immediate action. ANSWER:TRUE 223. The final step in Monroe's motivated sequence is to visualize how much better things will be if the speaker's plan is adopted. ANSWER: False 224. The final step in Monroe's motivated sequence is to call for action by the audience in support of the speaker's plan. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 16: Methods of Persuasion CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public 225. What many teachers refer to as source credibility was called ethos by Aristotle. ANSWER:TRUE 226. Reputation and character are the paramount factors affecting a speaker's credibility. ANSWER: False 227. Competence and character are the most important factors affecting a speaker's credibility. ANSWER:TRUE 228. The more favorably listeners view a speaker's competence and character, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says. ANSWER:TRUE 229. Derived credibility refers to the reputation of a speaker before the speech begins. ANSWER: False 230. Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. ANSWER:TRUE 231. Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the start of the speech. ANSWER: False 232. Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech. ANSWER:TRUE 233. Speakers who explain their expertise on the speech topic are likely to reduce their credibility with the audience. ANSWER: False 234. Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the conclusion of a persuasive speech. ANSWER: False 235. Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the introduction of a persuasive speech. ANSWER:TRUE 236. A speaker's credibility is affected by everything she or he says and does during the speech. ANSWER:TRUE 237. Research has shown that speakers with high initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with low initial credibility. ANSWER: False 238. Research shows that evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is new to the audience. ANSWER:TRUE 239. According to your textbook, it is redundant for persuasive speakers to give their evidence and then to state the point the evidence is meant to prove. ANSWER: False 240. According to your textbook, when reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, a speaker must state the specific instances before stating the conclusion the specific instances are meant to prove. ANSWER: False 241. When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you need to make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion. ANSWER:TRUE 242. A persuasive speaker who argues that capital punishment should be outlawed because it violates the constitutional principle banning cruel and unusual punishment is reasoning from specific instances. ANSWER: False 243. A persuasive speaker who contends that America's older bridges are becoming unsafe because several bridges have collapsed in recent years is reasoning from specific instances. ANSWER:TRUE 244. When you reason from principle in a speech, you move from a specific principle to a general conclusion. ANSWER: False 245. The following is an example of reasoning from principle: "All infringements on the right of free expression are unconstitutional. Limitations on the lyrics of popular songs are infringements on the right of free expression. Therefore, all limitations on the lyrics of popular songs are unconstitutional." ANSWER:TRUE 246. When reasoning from principle in a persuasive speech, you need to take special care to avoid the fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc. ANSWER: False 247. Although causal reasoning is used a great deal in public speeches, it is seldom used in other situations. ANSWER: False 248. According to your textbook, emotional appeals are usually inappropriate in persuasive speeches on questions of policy. ANSWER: False 249. As your textbook explains, it is unethical to use vivid, richly textured examples to generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy. ANSWER: False 250. Regardless of whether a persuasive speaker uses emotional appeal, she or he should always build the speech on a firm foundation of facts and logic. ANSWER:TRUE CHAPTER 1: Speaking in Public | 100 PAGE | J. FLOSS HOME | What is the term for anything that impedes the communication of a message?Interference is anything the impedes the communication of a message. 1. Interference can be either external or internal.
Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to avoid patchwork?global plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and incremental plagiarism. Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to avoid patchwork plagiarism? Use transitions to connect information from different sources.
Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with nervousness in your speech quizlet?Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to deal with nervousness in your speeches? Visualize yourself giving a successful speech.
What does your textbook mean when it recommends that you personalize?Your textbook recommends using words such as "you" and "your" to help get the audience involved in an informative speech. To personalize ideas means that speakers present their thoughts in human terms that relate to the experiences of audience members.
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What according to your textbook is the term for anything that impedes
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